NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
UNIT 6 : Note taking and Memos (Hal 52-59)
note taking about events theft in public transport
at that time my friend and I went to visit a unuversitas in Jakarta, to ask for information about campus tersebut. After we get information, we were back home by using a bus metromini. Finally our bus had arrived at the terminal stops. then we continue the journey home by using public transportation. state of public transport in the extremely hot and stuffy, I and Rina separate seat with Weny. At the time in public transport Weny been busy receiving phone. nostrils Weny already a father with a carrying bag and next to me and Rina also have a father. Me and Rina feels weird when you are there beside us on the move, because there is seating next to us that when saliva was the father of the waste on our side. After the father had moved, there is a masseuse who suddenly massaging his may friends feet .After handyman friend massage it out of public transportation, which in addition Weny father was screaming and we were shocked. he even told my friend, he said his Hp was taken as a masseur, but his Weny felt Hp was in his pocket. Father still in the bag was suggested to us down and chase it masseur. we got out of public transportation and without the property Hp Weny realize is lost. We also catch public transportation that we had climbed. It turns out the suspicious person was the thief.
UNIT 6 : Note taking and Memos (Hal 52-59)
MEMO
From : human resources development division staff
To : Chairman of the BEM FK UG
Date : 8 April 2008
Nature : an open and immediate
Things : an invitation LKKM
BEM LKMM PM UG will hold on 12-15 December 2009. I think it's great for regeneration. The plan we will send five representatives cadre of participants from the youngest generation of students. It costs 50,000-per person. If approved please sms me soon. I'll make proposalnya.Thanks Bro
EXERCISE 35 : PASSIVE VOICE (HAL 131)
1. The President are being called somebody everyday
2. The other members are being John
3. Mr. Waatson would be called somebody tonight
4. Considerable damage has been coused by the fire
5. The suppliers shaal the teacher bought for this class
EXERCISE 36 : CAUSATIVE VERBS (HAL 135)
1. Leave 2. Repaired
3. Typed 4. Call
5. Painted 6. Write
7. Lie 8. Sent
9. Cut 10. Signed
11. Leave 12. Washed
13. To fix 14. Published
15. To find
Senin, 11 April 2011
Senin, 21 Maret 2011
TUGAS B.INGGRIS (PART 2)
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU CLIFT
EXERCISE 33 (Hal 121) Because / Because of
1. Because of
2. Because of
3. Because of
4. Because
5. Because
6. Because
7. Because of
8. Because of
9. Because of
10. Because of
EXERCISE 34 (Hal 124) So / Such
1. So
2. Such
3. Such
4. So
5. So
6. Such
7. Such
8. So
9. Such
10. So
11. So
12. So
13. So
14. Such
15. Such
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
invitation letter :Invite Halal bihalal
INVITATION
NO: 060 / YDC / X / 2007
Dear.
Mr. / Mrs. / Mr.
Famly Mr.Anwar Furqon
Jl Bungur 5.Blok A no.34
Subject: Invitation Gathering / Halal bihalal in the framework of celebration of Idul Fitri 1428 H
With Respect
Yayasan Darussalam Cendrawasih and RW 11 invites all residents and the surrounding complex of department of foreign affairs to attend the occasion: / lawful gatherings in commemoration of the feast of Idul Fitri 1428 H, which will be held on:
Day / Date: Saturday, October 27, 2007
Time : 19:30 s / d completed
Venue : Multipurpose Building Jl. Bird of Paradise IV
So, for your attention and presence of Mr / Mrs / Mr / Ms we thank you.
Jakarta, October 20, 2007
H. Sofyan Habib
Chairman of the Committee Secretary
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU CLIFT
EXERCISE 33 (Hal 121) Because / Because of
1. Because of
2. Because of
3. Because of
4. Because
5. Because
6. Because
7. Because of
8. Because of
9. Because of
10. Because of
EXERCISE 34 (Hal 124) So / Such
1. So
2. Such
3. Such
4. So
5. So
6. Such
7. Such
8. So
9. Such
10. So
11. So
12. So
13. So
14. Such
15. Such
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
invitation letter :Invite Halal bihalal
INVITATION
NO: 060 / YDC / X / 2007
Dear.
Mr. / Mrs. / Mr.
Famly Mr.Anwar Furqon
Jl Bungur 5.Blok A no.34
Subject: Invitation Gathering / Halal bihalal in the framework of celebration of Idul Fitri 1428 H
With Respect
Yayasan Darussalam Cendrawasih and RW 11 invites all residents and the surrounding complex of department of foreign affairs to attend the occasion: / lawful gatherings in commemoration of the feast of Idul Fitri 1428 H, which will be held on:
Day / Date: Saturday, October 27, 2007
Time : 19:30 s / d completed
Venue : Multipurpose Building Jl. Bird of Paradise IV
So, for your attention and presence of Mr / Mrs / Mr / Ms we thank you.
Jakarta, October 20, 2007
H. Sofyan Habib
Chairman of the Committee Secretary
Senin, 21 Februari 2011
BUKU CLIFT
EXERCEISE 54 (hal 202)
1.A beautiful angel adorned their Chirstmas tree
2.I have your notes here, but I cannot find mine
3.The rescuers were a welcome sight for those trapped on the snow-covered mountain
4.Who’s supposed to supply the refreshments for tonight’s meeting?
5.It is a costume in the United States to eat turkey on thaks giving
6.Whether we drive or fly depends on the length of our vacation
7.Pasquale is of French descent , but his cousin is English
8.Dr Hipple will not be coming to the meeting because he has too many papers to grade
9.Although my mother never eats dessert , I prefer something sweet
10.I guess they’re not interested because we have not heard from them
11.Doris and Marge teach kindergarten ; the latter works in Putnam
12.Isaac Asimov’s scientist books are more easiiy understood than most scientists
13.The fender on Sean’s bike came loose and had to be tightened
14.Nobody had any stationery , so we had to use notebook paper to write the letter
15.The hikers had passed many hours waiting to be rescued
16.Lisa had to quit eating apples after the orthodontist put braces on her teeth
17.After any war , the world desires a lasting peace
18.Albert Einstein expressed his principle of relativity
19.Marcia was quite tired after the long walk to class
20.You must remember to cite your references when you write a paper
EXERCISE 56 (hal 214)
1.during 41.on
2.on 42.in
3.at 43.in
4.on 44.in
5.in 45.at
6.at 47.on
7.from 48.at
8.out of 49.in
9.at 50.at
10.in 51.on
11.out of 52.at
12.on 53.present
13.in 54.on
14.in 55.right
15.out of 56.at
16.at 57.in
17.on 58.in
18.at 59.on
19.in 60.from
20.at 61.at
21.present 62.on
22.in 63.at
23.in 64.at
24.at 65.at
25.on 66.in
26.in 67.at
27.at 68.in
28.on 69.of
29.in 70.at
30.at 71.of
31.on 72.course
32.at 73.of
33.in 74.at
34.at 75.during
35.on 76.on
36.in 77.of
37.on 78.at
38.in
39.at
40.in
1.A beautiful angel adorned their Chirstmas tree
2.I have your notes here, but I cannot find mine
3.The rescuers were a welcome sight for those trapped on the snow-covered mountain
4.Who’s supposed to supply the refreshments for tonight’s meeting?
5.It is a costume in the United States to eat turkey on thaks giving
6.Whether we drive or fly depends on the length of our vacation
7.Pasquale is of French descent , but his cousin is English
8.Dr Hipple will not be coming to the meeting because he has too many papers to grade
9.Although my mother never eats dessert , I prefer something sweet
10.I guess they’re not interested because we have not heard from them
11.Doris and Marge teach kindergarten ; the latter works in Putnam
12.Isaac Asimov’s scientist books are more easiiy understood than most scientists
13.The fender on Sean’s bike came loose and had to be tightened
14.Nobody had any stationery , so we had to use notebook paper to write the letter
15.The hikers had passed many hours waiting to be rescued
16.Lisa had to quit eating apples after the orthodontist put braces on her teeth
17.After any war , the world desires a lasting peace
18.Albert Einstein expressed his principle of relativity
19.Marcia was quite tired after the long walk to class
20.You must remember to cite your references when you write a paper
EXERCISE 56 (hal 214)
1.during 41.on
2.on 42.in
3.at 43.in
4.on 44.in
5.in 45.at
6.at 47.on
7.from 48.at
8.out of 49.in
9.at 50.at
10.in 51.on
11.out of 52.at
12.on 53.present
13.in 54.on
14.in 55.right
15.out of 56.at
16.at 57.in
17.on 58.in
18.at 59.on
19.in 60.from
20.at 61.at
21.present 62.on
22.in 63.at
23.in 64.at
24.at 65.at
25.on 66.in
26.in 67.at
27.at 68.in
28.on 69.of
29.in 70.at
30.at 71.of
31.on 72.course
32.at 73.of
33.in 74.at
34.at 75.during
35.on 76.on
36.in 77.of
37.on 78.at
38.in
39.at
40.in
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU CLIFT
EXERCISE 26 ( hal 107)
1.Rita plays good the violin
2.That is an intense novel
3.The sun is brightly shining
4.The girls speak fluent french
5.The boys speak Spanish fluently
6.The table has a smoothly surface
7.We must accurate figure our income tax returns
8.We don’t like to drink bitter tea
9.The plane soon will arrive
10.He had an accident because he was driving too fastly
EXERCISE 27 (hal 109)
1.Your cold sound terribly
2.The pianist plays very good
3.The food in the restaurant always tastes well
4.The campers remained calmly despite the thunderstorm
5.They became sickly after eating the contaminated food
6.Profesor Calandra looked quick at the students sketches
7.Paco was working diligent on the project
8.Paul protested vehemently about the new proposals
9.Our neighbors appeared relaxed after their vacation
10.The music sounded too noisy to be classical
EXERCISE 28 (hal 114)
1.Jhon and his friends left soonest as the profesor had finished his lecture
2.His job is more important than his friend’s
3.He plays the guitar as well as Andres Segovia
4.A new house is much more expensive than an older one
5.Last week was hotter as this week
6.Martha is more talented than her cousin
7.Bill’s descriptions are more colorful than his wife’s
8.Nobody is happier than Maria Elena
9.The boys felt worse than the girls about losing the game
10.A greyhound runs faster than a Chihuahua
EXERCISE 29 (hal 114)
1.The Empire State Building is taller from the statue of liberty
2.California is farther from New York as Pennsylvania
3.His assignment is different than mine
4.Louie reads more quickly from his sister
5.No animal is so big as King Kong
6.That report is less impressive than the Government’s
7.Sam wears the same shirt as his teammates
8.Dave paints much more realistically as his professor
9.The twins have less money at the end of the month as they have at the beginning
10.Her sports car is different than Nancy’s
EXERCISE 30 (hal 117)
1.Of the four dresses, I like the red one better
2.Phil is the happiest person that we know
3.Pat’s car is faster than Dan’s
4.This is the creamier ice cream I have had in a long time
5.This poster is colorfuler than the one in the hall
6.Does fred feel better today than he did yesterday?
7.This vegetable soup tastes very good
8.While trying to balance the baskets on her head, the woman walked more awkwardly than her daughter
9.Jane is the less athletic of all the women
10.My cat is the prettier of the two
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU CLIFT
EXERCISE 26 ( hal 107)
1.Rita plays good the violin
2.That is an intense novel
3.The sun is brightly shining
4.The girls speak fluent french
5.The boys speak Spanish fluently
6.The table has a smoothly surface
7.We must accurate figure our income tax returns
8.We don’t like to drink bitter tea
9.The plane soon will arrive
10.He had an accident because he was driving too fastly
EXERCISE 27 (hal 109)
1.Your cold sound terribly
2.The pianist plays very good
3.The food in the restaurant always tastes well
4.The campers remained calmly despite the thunderstorm
5.They became sickly after eating the contaminated food
6.Profesor Calandra looked quick at the students sketches
7.Paco was working diligent on the project
8.Paul protested vehemently about the new proposals
9.Our neighbors appeared relaxed after their vacation
10.The music sounded too noisy to be classical
EXERCISE 28 (hal 114)
1.Jhon and his friends left soonest as the profesor had finished his lecture
2.His job is more important than his friend’s
3.He plays the guitar as well as Andres Segovia
4.A new house is much more expensive than an older one
5.Last week was hotter as this week
6.Martha is more talented than her cousin
7.Bill’s descriptions are more colorful than his wife’s
8.Nobody is happier than Maria Elena
9.The boys felt worse than the girls about losing the game
10.A greyhound runs faster than a Chihuahua
EXERCISE 29 (hal 114)
1.The Empire State Building is taller from the statue of liberty
2.California is farther from New York as Pennsylvania
3.His assignment is different than mine
4.Louie reads more quickly from his sister
5.No animal is so big as King Kong
6.That report is less impressive than the Government’s
7.Sam wears the same shirt as his teammates
8.Dave paints much more realistically as his professor
9.The twins have less money at the end of the month as they have at the beginning
10.Her sports car is different than Nancy’s
EXERCISE 30 (hal 117)
1.Of the four dresses, I like the red one better
2.Phil is the happiest person that we know
3.Pat’s car is faster than Dan’s
4.This is the creamier ice cream I have had in a long time
5.This poster is colorfuler than the one in the hall
6.Does fred feel better today than he did yesterday?
7.This vegetable soup tastes very good
8.While trying to balance the baskets on her head, the woman walked more awkwardly than her daughter
9.Jane is the less athletic of all the women
10.My cat is the prettier of the two
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU CLIFT
EXERCISE 21 (hal 97)
1.Henry talks to his dog as if it understood him.
2.If they had left the house earlier, they become so late getting to the airport that they could not chek their baggage.
3.If I finish the dress before Saturday, I give it to my sister for her birthday.
4.If I had seen the movie. I told you about it last night.
5.Had Bob not interfered in his sister’s marital problems, there become peace between them.
6.He wold give you the money if he had it.
7.I wish they stopped making so much noise so that I could concentrate.
8.She would call you immediately if she needed help.
9.Had they arrived at the sale early, they found a better selection.
10.We hope that you enjoyed the party last night.
11.If you have enough time, please painted the chair before you leave.
12.We could go for a drive if today were Saturday.
13.If she wins the prize, it will be because she write very well.
14.Mike wished that the editors permited him to copy some of their material.
15.Joel wishes that he spent his vacation on the Gulf coast next year.
16.I aceepted if they invaite me to the party.
17.If your mother bought that car for you, willyou be happy?
18.If he decided earlier, he could have left on the afternoon flight.
19.Had we known your address, we wrote you a letter.
20.If the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain leaked inside.
21.Because Rose did so poorly on the exam, she wishes that she studied harder last night.
22.My dog always wakes me up if he heard strange noises.
23.If you see mary today, please ask her to call me.
24.If he get the raise, it will be because he does a good job.
25.The teacher will not accept our work if we turned it in late.
26.Mrs. Wood always talks to her tenth-grade students as though they was adults.
27.If he had left alredy, he called us.
28.If they had known him, they talked to him.
29.He would understand it if you explained it to him more slowly.
30.I could understand the French teacher if she spoke more slowly.
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU CLIFT
EXERCISE 21 (hal 97)
1.Henry talks to his dog as if it understood him.
2.If they had left the house earlier, they become so late getting to the airport that they could not chek their baggage.
3.If I finish the dress before Saturday, I give it to my sister for her birthday.
4.If I had seen the movie. I told you about it last night.
5.Had Bob not interfered in his sister’s marital problems, there become peace between them.
6.He wold give you the money if he had it.
7.I wish they stopped making so much noise so that I could concentrate.
8.She would call you immediately if she needed help.
9.Had they arrived at the sale early, they found a better selection.
10.We hope that you enjoyed the party last night.
11.If you have enough time, please painted the chair before you leave.
12.We could go for a drive if today were Saturday.
13.If she wins the prize, it will be because she write very well.
14.Mike wished that the editors permited him to copy some of their material.
15.Joel wishes that he spent his vacation on the Gulf coast next year.
16.I aceepted if they invaite me to the party.
17.If your mother bought that car for you, willyou be happy?
18.If he decided earlier, he could have left on the afternoon flight.
19.Had we known your address, we wrote you a letter.
20.If the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain leaked inside.
21.Because Rose did so poorly on the exam, she wishes that she studied harder last night.
22.My dog always wakes me up if he heard strange noises.
23.If you see mary today, please ask her to call me.
24.If he get the raise, it will be because he does a good job.
25.The teacher will not accept our work if we turned it in late.
26.Mrs. Wood always talks to her tenth-grade students as though they was adults.
27.If he had left alredy, he called us.
28.If they had known him, they talked to him.
29.He would understand it if you explained it to him more slowly.
30.I could understand the French teacher if she spoke more slowly.
Letters of congratulation
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
UNIT 4: Letters of congratulation
Congratulatins promotion Letter
Mike punting,
72- road,
Top Street, Singapur.
Dear friend Juwita,
I am feeling very happy today to congratulate you as you got promotion. I got the news two days before that you are promoted from the post of junior manager to the post of senior manager. You really deserved that promotion.
You were a employe of that company since 10 years. In these 10 years you have served the company a lot. With your skills, hard work, intelligence you have contributed to the companies success. Due to all these reasons you had to get promotion.
Personally I am very happy to see you getting successful in your life. This time also it was very delightful to hear about your success. I hope god bless you and give you pink of health. I will always ask god to give you everything that you need in your life. He may bless you with lot of happiness in your future.
Give my love to your children and regards to your parents.
Your's affectionately,
JOUIS PRADIPTA
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
UNIT 4: Letters of congratulation
Congratulatins promotion Letter
Mike punting,
72- road,
Top Street, Singapur.
Dear friend Juwita,
I am feeling very happy today to congratulate you as you got promotion. I got the news two days before that you are promoted from the post of junior manager to the post of senior manager. You really deserved that promotion.
You were a employe of that company since 10 years. In these 10 years you have served the company a lot. With your skills, hard work, intelligence you have contributed to the companies success. Due to all these reasons you had to get promotion.
Personally I am very happy to see you getting successful in your life. This time also it was very delightful to hear about your success. I hope god bless you and give you pink of health. I will always ask god to give you everything that you need in your life. He may bless you with lot of happiness in your future.
Give my love to your children and regards to your parents.
Your's affectionately,
JOUIS PRADIPTA
Selasa, 04 Januari 2011
MASALAH POKOK DALAM ETIKA BISNIS
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
KLS : 4 EA03
TUGAS: ETIKA BISNIS
MASALAH POKOK DALAM ETIKA BISNIS
Andaikan anda adalah seorang direktur teknik yang harus menerapkan teknologi baru. Anda tahu teknologi ini diperlukan dapat meningkatkan efisiensi industri, namun pada saat yang sama juga membuat banyak pegawai yang setia akan kehilangan pekerjaan, karena teknologi ini hanya memerlukan sedikit tenaga kerja saja. Bagaimana sikap anda? Dilema moral ini menunjukkan bahwa masalah etika juga meliputi kehidupan bisnis. Perusahaan dituntut untuk menetapkan patokan etika yang dapat diserap oleh masyarakat dalam pengambilan keputusannya. Sedangkan di pihak lain, banyak masyarakat menganggap etika itu hanya demi kepentingan perusahaan sendiri. Tantangan yang dihadapi serta kesadaran akan keterbatasan perusahaan dalam memperkirakan dan mengendalikan setiap keputusannya membuat perusahaan semakin sadar tentang tantangan etika yang harus dihadapi.
INOVASI, PERUBAHAN DAN LAPANGAN KERJA
Aspek bisnis yang paling menimbulkan pertanyaan menyangkut etika adalah inovasi dan perubahan. Sering terjadi tekanan untuk berubah membuat perusahaan atau masyarakat tidak mempunyai pilihan lain. Perusahaan harus menanam modal pada mesin dan pabrik baru yang biasanya menimbulkan masalah karena ketidakcocokan antara keahlian tenaga kerja yang dimiliki dan yang dibutuhkan oleh teknologi baru. Sedangkan perusahaan yang mencoba menolak perubahan teknologi biasanya menghadapi ancaman yang cukup besar sehingga memperkuat alasan perlunya melakukan perubahan. Keuntungan ekonomis dari inovasi dan perubahan biasanya digunakan sebagai pembenaran yang utama.
Sayangnya biaya sosial dari perubahan jarang dibayar oleh para promotor inovasi. Biaya tersebut berupa hilangnya pekerjaan, perubahan dalam masyarakat, perekonomian, dan lingkungan. Biaya-biaya ini tak mudah diukur. Tantangan sosial yang paling mendasar berasal dari masyarakat yang berdiri di luar proses. Dampak teknologi baru bukan mustahil tak dapat diprediksi. Kewaspadaan dan keterbukaan yang berkesinambungan merupakan tindakan yang penting dalam usaha perusahaan memenuhi kewajibannya.
Dampak inovasi dan perubahan terhadap tenaga kerja menimbulkan banyak masalah dibanding aspek pembangunan lainnya. Banyak pegawai menganggap inovasi mengecilkan kemampuan mereka. Hal ini mengubah kondisi pekerjaan serta sangat mengurangi kepuasan kerja. Perusahaan mempunyai tanggung jawab yang lebih besar untuk menyediakan lapangan kerja dan menciptakan tenaga kerja yang mampu bekerja dalam masa perubahan. Termasuk di dalamnya adalah
mendukung, melatih, dan mengadakan sumber daya untuk menjamin orang-orang yang belum bekerja memiliki keahlian dan dapat bersaing untuk menghadapi dan mempercepat perubahan.
PASAR DAN PEMASARAN
Monopoli adalah contoh yang paling ekstrem dari distorsi dalam pasar. Ada banyak alasan untuk melakukan konsentrasi industri, misal, meningkatkan kemampuan berkompetisi, memudahkan permodalan, hingga semboyan “yang terkuat adalah yang menang”. Penyalahgunaan kekuatan pasar melalui monopoli merupakan perhatian klasik terhadap bagaimana pasar dan pemasaran dilaksanakan. Kecenderungan untuk berkonsentrasi dan kekuatan nyata dari perusahaan raksasa harus dilihat secara hati-hati.
Banyak kritik diajukan pada aspek pemasaran, misal, penyalahgunaan kekuatan pembeli, promosi barang yang berbahaya, menyatakan nilai yang masih diragukan, atau penyalahgunaan spesifik lain, seperti iklan yang berdampak buruk bagi anak-anak. Diperlukan kelompok penekan untuk mengkritik tingkah laku perusahaan. Negara pun dapat menentukan persyaratan dan standar.
PENGURUS DAN GAJI DIREKSI
Unsur kepengurusan adalah bagian penting dari agenda kebijaksanaan perusahaan karena merupakan kewajiban yang nyata dalam bertanggungjawab terhadap barang dan dana orang lain. Perusahaan wajib melaksanakan pengurusan manajemen dengan tekun atas semua harta yang dipertanggungjawabkan pada pemberi tugas. Tugas terutama berada pada pundak direksi yang diharapkan bertindak loyal, dapat dipercaya, serta ahli dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Mereka tidak boleh menyalahgunakan posisinya. Mereka bertanggung jawab pada perusahaan juga undang-undang. Dalam hal ini auditing memegang peranan penting dalam mempertahankan stabilitas antara kebutuhan manajer untuk menjalankan tugasnya dan hak pemegang saham untuk mengetahui apa yang sedang dikerjakan para manajer. Perdebatan mengenai gaji direksi terjadi karena adanya ketidakadilan dalam proses penentuannya, ruang gerak yang dimungkinkan bagi direksi, kurang jelasnya hubungan antara kinerja organisasi dan penggajian, paket-paket tambahan tersembunyi dan kelemahan dalam pengawasan. Tampaknya gaji para direksi meningkat, sementara tingkat pertumbuhan pendapatan rata-rata cenderung menurun, dan nilai saham berfluktuasi. Hal ini menimbulkan kritik dan kesadaran untuk menyoroti kenaikan gaji para eksekutif senior. Informasi dan pembatasan eksternal merupakan unsur penting dalam upaya menyelesaikan penyalahgunaan yang terjadi.
TANTANGAN MULTINASIONAL
Sering terjadi, perusahaan internasional mengambil tindakan yang tak dapat diterima secara lokal. Banyak pertanyaan mendasar bagi perusahaan multinasional, seperti kemungkinan masuknya nilai moral budaya ke budaya masyarakat lain, atau kemungkinan perusahaan mengkesploitasi lubang-lubang perundang-undangan dalam sebuah negara demi kepentingan mereka. Dalam prakteknya, perusahaan internasional mempengaruhi perkembangan ekonomi sosial masyarakat suatu negara. Mereka dapat mensukseskan aspirasi negara atau justru malah membuat frustasi dengan menghambat tujuan nasional. Hal ini meningkatkan kewajiban bagi perorangan maupun industri untuk melaksanakan aturan kode etik secara internal maupun eksternal.
REFERENSI
(Sumber: Tom Cannon, Coporate Responsibility)
NPM : 10207813
KLS : 4 EA03
TUGAS: ETIKA BISNIS
MASALAH POKOK DALAM ETIKA BISNIS
Andaikan anda adalah seorang direktur teknik yang harus menerapkan teknologi baru. Anda tahu teknologi ini diperlukan dapat meningkatkan efisiensi industri, namun pada saat yang sama juga membuat banyak pegawai yang setia akan kehilangan pekerjaan, karena teknologi ini hanya memerlukan sedikit tenaga kerja saja. Bagaimana sikap anda? Dilema moral ini menunjukkan bahwa masalah etika juga meliputi kehidupan bisnis. Perusahaan dituntut untuk menetapkan patokan etika yang dapat diserap oleh masyarakat dalam pengambilan keputusannya. Sedangkan di pihak lain, banyak masyarakat menganggap etika itu hanya demi kepentingan perusahaan sendiri. Tantangan yang dihadapi serta kesadaran akan keterbatasan perusahaan dalam memperkirakan dan mengendalikan setiap keputusannya membuat perusahaan semakin sadar tentang tantangan etika yang harus dihadapi.
INOVASI, PERUBAHAN DAN LAPANGAN KERJA
Aspek bisnis yang paling menimbulkan pertanyaan menyangkut etika adalah inovasi dan perubahan. Sering terjadi tekanan untuk berubah membuat perusahaan atau masyarakat tidak mempunyai pilihan lain. Perusahaan harus menanam modal pada mesin dan pabrik baru yang biasanya menimbulkan masalah karena ketidakcocokan antara keahlian tenaga kerja yang dimiliki dan yang dibutuhkan oleh teknologi baru. Sedangkan perusahaan yang mencoba menolak perubahan teknologi biasanya menghadapi ancaman yang cukup besar sehingga memperkuat alasan perlunya melakukan perubahan. Keuntungan ekonomis dari inovasi dan perubahan biasanya digunakan sebagai pembenaran yang utama.
Sayangnya biaya sosial dari perubahan jarang dibayar oleh para promotor inovasi. Biaya tersebut berupa hilangnya pekerjaan, perubahan dalam masyarakat, perekonomian, dan lingkungan. Biaya-biaya ini tak mudah diukur. Tantangan sosial yang paling mendasar berasal dari masyarakat yang berdiri di luar proses. Dampak teknologi baru bukan mustahil tak dapat diprediksi. Kewaspadaan dan keterbukaan yang berkesinambungan merupakan tindakan yang penting dalam usaha perusahaan memenuhi kewajibannya.
Dampak inovasi dan perubahan terhadap tenaga kerja menimbulkan banyak masalah dibanding aspek pembangunan lainnya. Banyak pegawai menganggap inovasi mengecilkan kemampuan mereka. Hal ini mengubah kondisi pekerjaan serta sangat mengurangi kepuasan kerja. Perusahaan mempunyai tanggung jawab yang lebih besar untuk menyediakan lapangan kerja dan menciptakan tenaga kerja yang mampu bekerja dalam masa perubahan. Termasuk di dalamnya adalah
mendukung, melatih, dan mengadakan sumber daya untuk menjamin orang-orang yang belum bekerja memiliki keahlian dan dapat bersaing untuk menghadapi dan mempercepat perubahan.
PASAR DAN PEMASARAN
Monopoli adalah contoh yang paling ekstrem dari distorsi dalam pasar. Ada banyak alasan untuk melakukan konsentrasi industri, misal, meningkatkan kemampuan berkompetisi, memudahkan permodalan, hingga semboyan “yang terkuat adalah yang menang”. Penyalahgunaan kekuatan pasar melalui monopoli merupakan perhatian klasik terhadap bagaimana pasar dan pemasaran dilaksanakan. Kecenderungan untuk berkonsentrasi dan kekuatan nyata dari perusahaan raksasa harus dilihat secara hati-hati.
Banyak kritik diajukan pada aspek pemasaran, misal, penyalahgunaan kekuatan pembeli, promosi barang yang berbahaya, menyatakan nilai yang masih diragukan, atau penyalahgunaan spesifik lain, seperti iklan yang berdampak buruk bagi anak-anak. Diperlukan kelompok penekan untuk mengkritik tingkah laku perusahaan. Negara pun dapat menentukan persyaratan dan standar.
PENGURUS DAN GAJI DIREKSI
Unsur kepengurusan adalah bagian penting dari agenda kebijaksanaan perusahaan karena merupakan kewajiban yang nyata dalam bertanggungjawab terhadap barang dan dana orang lain. Perusahaan wajib melaksanakan pengurusan manajemen dengan tekun atas semua harta yang dipertanggungjawabkan pada pemberi tugas. Tugas terutama berada pada pundak direksi yang diharapkan bertindak loyal, dapat dipercaya, serta ahli dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Mereka tidak boleh menyalahgunakan posisinya. Mereka bertanggung jawab pada perusahaan juga undang-undang. Dalam hal ini auditing memegang peranan penting dalam mempertahankan stabilitas antara kebutuhan manajer untuk menjalankan tugasnya dan hak pemegang saham untuk mengetahui apa yang sedang dikerjakan para manajer. Perdebatan mengenai gaji direksi terjadi karena adanya ketidakadilan dalam proses penentuannya, ruang gerak yang dimungkinkan bagi direksi, kurang jelasnya hubungan antara kinerja organisasi dan penggajian, paket-paket tambahan tersembunyi dan kelemahan dalam pengawasan. Tampaknya gaji para direksi meningkat, sementara tingkat pertumbuhan pendapatan rata-rata cenderung menurun, dan nilai saham berfluktuasi. Hal ini menimbulkan kritik dan kesadaran untuk menyoroti kenaikan gaji para eksekutif senior. Informasi dan pembatasan eksternal merupakan unsur penting dalam upaya menyelesaikan penyalahgunaan yang terjadi.
TANTANGAN MULTINASIONAL
Sering terjadi, perusahaan internasional mengambil tindakan yang tak dapat diterima secara lokal. Banyak pertanyaan mendasar bagi perusahaan multinasional, seperti kemungkinan masuknya nilai moral budaya ke budaya masyarakat lain, atau kemungkinan perusahaan mengkesploitasi lubang-lubang perundang-undangan dalam sebuah negara demi kepentingan mereka. Dalam prakteknya, perusahaan internasional mempengaruhi perkembangan ekonomi sosial masyarakat suatu negara. Mereka dapat mensukseskan aspirasi negara atau justru malah membuat frustasi dengan menghambat tujuan nasional. Hal ini meningkatkan kewajiban bagi perorangan maupun industri untuk melaksanakan aturan kode etik secara internal maupun eksternal.
REFERENSI
(Sumber: Tom Cannon, Coporate Responsibility)
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