Cara Cepat Menghilangkan Stres di Kantor
Beban kerja, kesibukan atau seabrek masalah di kantor tak jarang membuat kita dilanda stres. Namun semua itu bisa diatasi, asal tahu caranya.
Jangan sampai stres yang melanda justru membuat kinerja Anda menurun. Ada beberapa cara untuk menghilangkan stres yang dirasakan di kantor. Ini dia!
1. Tarik nafas panjang
Cara ini adalah cara paling mudah untuk menenangkan diri. Telah banyak penelitian yang membuktikan, menarik nafas panjang dapat membuat aliran darah serta oksigen di otak kembali teratur. Sehingga saat menarik nafas panjang, seseorang akan merasakan kenyamanan dan rasa rileks. Berhentilah sejenak dari pekerjaan, lalu tariklah nafas panjang selama 5-10 menit. Anda akan merasa lebih tenang, dan stres yang melanda akan mereda.
2. Bergerak
Beranjaklah dari kursi Anda, lalu berjalan-jalanlah sejenak. Jika memungkinkan, keluarlah dari gedung kantor sesaat untuk menikmati terpaan angin dan sinar matahari. Bergerak akan membantu otot-otot Anda yang kaku menjadi lebih santai dan rileks. Hal itu juga bisa membantu menghilangkan stres.
3. Tertawa
Tertawa bisa merangsang hormon endorfin atau lebih dikenal dengan hormon "bahagia". Dengan tertawa, segala beban Anda akan terasa lebih ringan. Melihat video lucu, membaca buku humor atau bersenda gurau sesaat dengan rekan kerja dapat menjadi pilihan Anda.
4. Gunakan sandal jepit
Ini terkesan sederhana, namun dengan sedikit bergaya santai, Anda akan merasa lebih tenang. Tak perlu memakai sandal jepit dari rumah, cukup ganti sepatu Anda dengan sandal yang telah Anda sediakan di kantor. Anda akan merasa lebih rileks.
5. Ganti suasana
Jika memungkinkan, coba minta izin dengan atasan Anda untuk bekerja dari tempat lain. Misalnya kedai kopi yang nyaman. Suasana yang berbeda akan membuat pikiran Anda lebih terbuka.
Cara Tepat Minta Naik Gaji
Jika Anda merasa perusahaaan tempat Anda bekerja belum memberikan apresiasi yang cukup terhadap kinerja, meminta kenaikan gaji bukanlah hal yang salah. Namun ada sopan santunnya. Agar tak salah melangkah, coba ikuti kiat-kiat berikut.
Mencari tahu peraturan perusahaan
Yang paling penting dilakukan pertama kali adalah mencari tahu peraturan perusahaan. Kapan waktu perusahaan menaikkan gaji karyawan? Parameter apa yang digunakan untuk menaikkan gaji karyawan?
Membandingkan gaji
Setelah mengenal peraturan perusahaan, yang harus Anda lakukan adalah melakukan perbandingan gaji dengan orang lain yang memiliki tanggung jawab serta jabatan yang sama dengan Anda dari perusahaan lain. Dengan ini, Anda dapat menemukan rentang gaji yang tepat untuk kemudian diajukan kepada atasan.
Daftar keberhasilan
Anda harus memiliki alasan yang kuat saat meminta kenaikan gaji. Untuk itu, susunlah daftar keberhasilan dan pencapaian Anda dalam kerja. Rangkumlah hal tersebut dalam sebuah dokumentasi yang rapi, jelas serta menarik. Sehingga atasan juga mengetahui alasan jelas untuk menaikkan gaji Anda.
Atur pertemuan
Setelah semua persiapan matang, aturlah jadwal pertemuan dengan atasan. Cari waktu yang tepat. Jangan sampai Anda mengatur jadwal saat pekerjaan tengah banyak, atau perusahaan diguncang masalah. Meminta gaji di saat suasana hati atasan buruk hanya akan membuat Anda tertimpa masalah.
Langsung pada pokok masalah
Saat pertemuan, utarakan maksud Anda dengan jelas, jangan bertele-tele karena malah bisa menimbulkan makna yang bias. Komunikasikan secara profesional namun santai. Jangan lupa juga untuk menyebutkan nominal jelas kenaikan gaji yang Anda minta. Hal ini dapat berupa persentase ataupun jumlah dalam rupiah.
Jangan mengancam
Meminta kenaikan gaji tak perlu dengan cara mengintimidasi. Misalnya menyombongkan diri bahwa Anda mampu diterima di perusahaan lain dengan gaji yang lebih besar. Ini malah hanya membuat Anda terlihat buruk di hadapan atasan.
Senin, 10 Oktober 2011
Tips Kesehatan Wanita
Masker Wajah Alami Buatan Sendiri
Meski banyak masker siap pakai yang kini ditawarkan di pasaran, sesungguhnya Anda dapat membuat masker sendiri dengan mudah. Selain murah, berkhasiat, bahan alami yang dipakai juga tidak memiliki efek berbahaya bagi kulit.
Berikut beberapa jenis masker yang bisa Anda buat sendiri juga dapat diaplikasikan di semua jenis kulit.
Masker putih telur
Campurkan dua sendok makan putih telur dengan dua sendok makan yoghurt tanpa rasa. Aduk hingga merata, lalu oleskan ke kutit wajah Anda. Setelah lima menit, basuh wajah dengan handuk yang telah direndam di air hangat.
Manfaat masker ini adalah untuk menambah kelembapan serta kehalusan kulit wajah.
Masker oatmeal
Campurkan satu sendok makan oatmeal dengan satu sendok yoghurt tanpa rasa. Aduk hingga merata. Setelah itu teteskan dua hingga tiga tetes madu. Lalu campurkan kembali hingga merata. Oleskan masker tadi pada wajah Anda dan diamkan selama 10 menit. Setelah itu basuhlah dengan handuk yang telah direndam dengan air hangat.
Selain melembapkan dan menghaluskan kulit, masker ini juga berfungsi untuk mengganti sel-sel kulit yang mati dengan sel yang baru, sehingga kulit Anda akan tampak bercahaya.
Masker gula
Masker gula ini termasuk yang paling sederhana, karena hanya membutuhkan dua sendok makan gula serta tiga sendok makan air hangat. Campurkan kedua bahan hingga merata, lalu gosok masker pada kulit wajah, hingga kadar airnya habis. Setelah itu basuh wajah dengan handuk yang telah direndam di air hangat.
Layaknya scrub, masker alami ini dapat membantu mengangkat sel kulit mati pada kulit wajah, serta membantu kulit mengalami pengelupasan yang lebih alami dan aman. Selain itu, masker ini juga mampu membersihkan kulit hingga ke dalam pori-pori.
Mudah bukan? Silakan mencoba!
Meski banyak masker siap pakai yang kini ditawarkan di pasaran, sesungguhnya Anda dapat membuat masker sendiri dengan mudah. Selain murah, berkhasiat, bahan alami yang dipakai juga tidak memiliki efek berbahaya bagi kulit.
Berikut beberapa jenis masker yang bisa Anda buat sendiri juga dapat diaplikasikan di semua jenis kulit.
Masker putih telur
Campurkan dua sendok makan putih telur dengan dua sendok makan yoghurt tanpa rasa. Aduk hingga merata, lalu oleskan ke kutit wajah Anda. Setelah lima menit, basuh wajah dengan handuk yang telah direndam di air hangat.
Manfaat masker ini adalah untuk menambah kelembapan serta kehalusan kulit wajah.
Masker oatmeal
Campurkan satu sendok makan oatmeal dengan satu sendok yoghurt tanpa rasa. Aduk hingga merata. Setelah itu teteskan dua hingga tiga tetes madu. Lalu campurkan kembali hingga merata. Oleskan masker tadi pada wajah Anda dan diamkan selama 10 menit. Setelah itu basuhlah dengan handuk yang telah direndam dengan air hangat.
Selain melembapkan dan menghaluskan kulit, masker ini juga berfungsi untuk mengganti sel-sel kulit yang mati dengan sel yang baru, sehingga kulit Anda akan tampak bercahaya.
Masker gula
Masker gula ini termasuk yang paling sederhana, karena hanya membutuhkan dua sendok makan gula serta tiga sendok makan air hangat. Campurkan kedua bahan hingga merata, lalu gosok masker pada kulit wajah, hingga kadar airnya habis. Setelah itu basuh wajah dengan handuk yang telah direndam di air hangat.
Layaknya scrub, masker alami ini dapat membantu mengangkat sel kulit mati pada kulit wajah, serta membantu kulit mengalami pengelupasan yang lebih alami dan aman. Selain itu, masker ini juga mampu membersihkan kulit hingga ke dalam pori-pori.
Mudah bukan? Silakan mencoba!
Tips Kesehatan Wanita
Saat Nyeri Haid Datang Kurangi yang Gurih Perbanyak Serat
TRIBUNnews.com
Menjelang jadwal menstruasi datang, biasanya kita mulai merasa pusing, lemas, sedikit nyeri di perut bagian bawah, atau malas beraktivitas. Perempuan yang lain akan merasa tubuh jadi lemas dan cepat lelah, berat badan bertambah, berjerawat, sampai pinggang terasa pegal. Inilah tanda-tanda Anda sedang mengalami PMS, alias premenstrual syndrome.
"Yang paling sering terjadi adalah perempuan jadi mudah marah, emosi labil, dan nafsu makannya meningkat," tutur dr Ryan Thamrin, konsultan masalah reproduksi seksual, saat acara "Shine with Charm" di STIE Perbanas, Jakarta Selatan, Selasa (4/10/2011) lalu.
Menurut Ryan, ada beberapa trik yang bisa digunakan untuk mengurangi keluhan PMS ini, khususnya dalam hal asupan makanan. Contohnya:
Mengurangi makanan gurih. Lebih baik hindari makanan yang bersifat gurih atau asin, seperti kentang goreng, kacang-kacangan, atau makanan berbumbu lainnya. Kandungan garam yang tinggi dalam tubuh akan mempercepat proses pelepasan air berlebih di dalam tubuh, sehingga tubuh cepat terasa lemas.
Menambah konsumsi serat. Serat dari sayuran dan buah-buahan bisa membantu mengurangi keluhan PMS. Pisang, misalnya, mengandung vitamin B6 yang mampu mengurangi gejala PMS seperti payudara yang menegang, retensi air, dan mood yang berubah-ubah. Sedangkan nenas, kaya akan vitamin A, B, dan C, serta mangan. Mineral ini telah terbukti mampu meningkatkan mood dan mengurangi retensi air, sehingga Anda terbebas dari problem perut kembung.
Memperbanyak minum air putih. Hindari minum terlalu banyak gula, kafein, cokelat, dan es. Kondisi dingin dalam tubuh tidak baik untuk aliran darah. Sebaiknya minum air putih hangat untuk memperlancar aliran darah.
Mengonsumsi zat besi. Saat menstruasi, kita kehilangan 12-15 mg elemen zat besi. Karena itu, saat menstruasi Anda perlu minum vitamin penambah darah. Selain dengan mengonsumsi vitamin, Anda bisa memenuhi kebutuhan zat besi dengan mengonsumsi makanan yang mengandung zat besi. Beberapa jenis makanan yang mengandung zat besi adalah daging sapi, kambing, ayam, ikan, ikan tuna, telur, oatmeal, serta berbagai sayuran berwarna hijau.
Konsumsi vitamin C. Untuk memperkuat daya tahan tubuh, sebaiknya tambahkan makanan yang mengandung kalsium dan vitamin C. Selain jeruk, nenas, mangga, atau pepaya, sumber vitamin C ada pada strawberry, brokoli, semangka, kembang kol, kubis, dan tomat.
TRIBUNnews.com
Menjelang jadwal menstruasi datang, biasanya kita mulai merasa pusing, lemas, sedikit nyeri di perut bagian bawah, atau malas beraktivitas. Perempuan yang lain akan merasa tubuh jadi lemas dan cepat lelah, berat badan bertambah, berjerawat, sampai pinggang terasa pegal. Inilah tanda-tanda Anda sedang mengalami PMS, alias premenstrual syndrome.
"Yang paling sering terjadi adalah perempuan jadi mudah marah, emosi labil, dan nafsu makannya meningkat," tutur dr Ryan Thamrin, konsultan masalah reproduksi seksual, saat acara "Shine with Charm" di STIE Perbanas, Jakarta Selatan, Selasa (4/10/2011) lalu.
Menurut Ryan, ada beberapa trik yang bisa digunakan untuk mengurangi keluhan PMS ini, khususnya dalam hal asupan makanan. Contohnya:
Mengurangi makanan gurih. Lebih baik hindari makanan yang bersifat gurih atau asin, seperti kentang goreng, kacang-kacangan, atau makanan berbumbu lainnya. Kandungan garam yang tinggi dalam tubuh akan mempercepat proses pelepasan air berlebih di dalam tubuh, sehingga tubuh cepat terasa lemas.
Menambah konsumsi serat. Serat dari sayuran dan buah-buahan bisa membantu mengurangi keluhan PMS. Pisang, misalnya, mengandung vitamin B6 yang mampu mengurangi gejala PMS seperti payudara yang menegang, retensi air, dan mood yang berubah-ubah. Sedangkan nenas, kaya akan vitamin A, B, dan C, serta mangan. Mineral ini telah terbukti mampu meningkatkan mood dan mengurangi retensi air, sehingga Anda terbebas dari problem perut kembung.
Memperbanyak minum air putih. Hindari minum terlalu banyak gula, kafein, cokelat, dan es. Kondisi dingin dalam tubuh tidak baik untuk aliran darah. Sebaiknya minum air putih hangat untuk memperlancar aliran darah.
Mengonsumsi zat besi. Saat menstruasi, kita kehilangan 12-15 mg elemen zat besi. Karena itu, saat menstruasi Anda perlu minum vitamin penambah darah. Selain dengan mengonsumsi vitamin, Anda bisa memenuhi kebutuhan zat besi dengan mengonsumsi makanan yang mengandung zat besi. Beberapa jenis makanan yang mengandung zat besi adalah daging sapi, kambing, ayam, ikan, ikan tuna, telur, oatmeal, serta berbagai sayuran berwarna hijau.
Konsumsi vitamin C. Untuk memperkuat daya tahan tubuh, sebaiknya tambahkan makanan yang mengandung kalsium dan vitamin C. Selain jeruk, nenas, mangga, atau pepaya, sumber vitamin C ada pada strawberry, brokoli, semangka, kembang kol, kubis, dan tomat.
Sabtu, 07 Mei 2011
TUGAS 4
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
KLS : 4 EA03
TGS : 4
Exercise 37
1. The record that was roduced by this company became gold record.
2. Checking accounts that require a minimum balance are very common now.
3. The professor to whom you spoke yesterday is not here today.
4. John whom grades are the highest in the school has received a scholarship.
5. Felipe bought the camera that has there lenses.
6. Frank the man whom we are going to nominate for the office of treasurer.
7. The doctor is with the patient whom leg was broken in an accident.
8. Jane is the woman whom is going to China next year.
9. Janet wants a typewriter that self-corrects.
10. This book I found that last week contains some usseful information.
11. Mr. Bryant whom team has lost the game looks very sad.
12. James wrote an article that indicated he disliked the president.
13. The director of the program whom graduated from Harvard University is planning to retire next year.
14. This is the book that I have been looking for all year.
15. William whom brother is lawyer wants to become a judge.
Exercise 38
1. George is the man chosen to represent the committee at the convention.
2. All of the money accepted has already been released.
3. The papers on the table belong to Patricia.
4. The man brought to the police station confessed to the crime.
5. The girl drinking coffee is Mery Allen.
6. John’s wife, a professor, has written several papers on this subject.
7. The man talking to the policeman is my uncle.
8. The book on the top shelf is the one that I need.
9. The number of students counted is quite high.
10. Leo Evans, a doctor, eats in this restaurant every day.
Example Letter of aplication/CV:
Dear,
Head of the Personnel Division
PT. Karya Indah Retail
Jl. Pejompongan 15 A
Jakarta
Sincerely,
In response to your advertisement in the Kompas daily publication January 5, 2011 to the position of secretary, I would like to offer myself for the position.
I was twenty-two years and has worked as a staff typist for two years. After graduating from the Academy Secretary, I attended a job training for secretarial work for three months. Now I feel have the expertise necessary to fill the vacancies you offer.
For further information, I hereby attach a curriculum vitae, a statement from the academy, and a piece of my latest photos.
I hope you will consider this proposal, and gave me a chance to interview.
Sincerely,
Florentina Putri
Curriculum Vitae
Full Name : Florentina Putri
Sex : Female
Place, Date of Birth: Probolinggo, August 5, 1989
Nationality : Indonesia
Marital Status : Single
Height, Weight : 165 cm, 53 kg
Health : Perfect
Religion : Moslem
Address : Perum Bojong Depok Baru 1, Blok ZT No.3, Cibinong 16913
Mobile : 0817 9854 203
Phone : 021 - 87903802
E-mail : putri.flo@gmail.com
Educational Background
1994 – 1995 : Kindergarten graduate Islam Al Ghifari
1995 – 2001 : graduate school 01 Probolinggo
2001 – 2004 : Junior high school graduates 05 Probolinggo
2004 – 2007 : Senior High School graduate Muhammadiyah 25, Jakata
2007 -2010 : graduate Academy Secretary
Course & Education
1998 - 1999 : Computer & Internet Course at Puskom Gilland Ganesha, Jakarta
1999 - 2002 : English Language Course at LBA Gilland Ganesha, Jakarta
Working Experience
Working at PT. Post Indonesia
Period : 2005-2006
Position : staff typist
NPM : 10207813
KLS : 4 EA03
TGS : 4
Exercise 37
1. The record that was roduced by this company became gold record.
2. Checking accounts that require a minimum balance are very common now.
3. The professor to whom you spoke yesterday is not here today.
4. John whom grades are the highest in the school has received a scholarship.
5. Felipe bought the camera that has there lenses.
6. Frank the man whom we are going to nominate for the office of treasurer.
7. The doctor is with the patient whom leg was broken in an accident.
8. Jane is the woman whom is going to China next year.
9. Janet wants a typewriter that self-corrects.
10. This book I found that last week contains some usseful information.
11. Mr. Bryant whom team has lost the game looks very sad.
12. James wrote an article that indicated he disliked the president.
13. The director of the program whom graduated from Harvard University is planning to retire next year.
14. This is the book that I have been looking for all year.
15. William whom brother is lawyer wants to become a judge.
Exercise 38
1. George is the man chosen to represent the committee at the convention.
2. All of the money accepted has already been released.
3. The papers on the table belong to Patricia.
4. The man brought to the police station confessed to the crime.
5. The girl drinking coffee is Mery Allen.
6. John’s wife, a professor, has written several papers on this subject.
7. The man talking to the policeman is my uncle.
8. The book on the top shelf is the one that I need.
9. The number of students counted is quite high.
10. Leo Evans, a doctor, eats in this restaurant every day.
Example Letter of aplication/CV:
Dear,
Head of the Personnel Division
PT. Karya Indah Retail
Jl. Pejompongan 15 A
Jakarta
Sincerely,
In response to your advertisement in the Kompas daily publication January 5, 2011 to the position of secretary, I would like to offer myself for the position.
I was twenty-two years and has worked as a staff typist for two years. After graduating from the Academy Secretary, I attended a job training for secretarial work for three months. Now I feel have the expertise necessary to fill the vacancies you offer.
For further information, I hereby attach a curriculum vitae, a statement from the academy, and a piece of my latest photos.
I hope you will consider this proposal, and gave me a chance to interview.
Sincerely,
Florentina Putri
Curriculum Vitae
Full Name : Florentina Putri
Sex : Female
Place, Date of Birth: Probolinggo, August 5, 1989
Nationality : Indonesia
Marital Status : Single
Height, Weight : 165 cm, 53 kg
Health : Perfect
Religion : Moslem
Address : Perum Bojong Depok Baru 1, Blok ZT No.3, Cibinong 16913
Mobile : 0817 9854 203
Phone : 021 - 87903802
E-mail : putri.flo@gmail.com
Educational Background
1994 – 1995 : Kindergarten graduate Islam Al Ghifari
1995 – 2001 : graduate school 01 Probolinggo
2001 – 2004 : Junior high school graduates 05 Probolinggo
2004 – 2007 : Senior High School graduate Muhammadiyah 25, Jakata
2007 -2010 : graduate Academy Secretary
Course & Education
1998 - 1999 : Computer & Internet Course at Puskom Gilland Ganesha, Jakarta
1999 - 2002 : English Language Course at LBA Gilland Ganesha, Jakarta
Working Experience
Working at PT. Post Indonesia
Period : 2005-2006
Position : staff typist
Senin, 11 April 2011
TUGAS BHS.INGGRIS
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
UNIT 6 : Note taking and Memos (Hal 52-59)
note taking about events theft in public transport
at that time my friend and I went to visit a unuversitas in Jakarta, to ask for information about campus tersebut. After we get information, we were back home by using a bus metromini. Finally our bus had arrived at the terminal stops. then we continue the journey home by using public transportation. state of public transport in the extremely hot and stuffy, I and Rina separate seat with Weny. At the time in public transport Weny been busy receiving phone. nostrils Weny already a father with a carrying bag and next to me and Rina also have a father. Me and Rina feels weird when you are there beside us on the move, because there is seating next to us that when saliva was the father of the waste on our side. After the father had moved, there is a masseuse who suddenly massaging his may friends feet .After handyman friend massage it out of public transportation, which in addition Weny father was screaming and we were shocked. he even told my friend, he said his Hp was taken as a masseur, but his Weny felt Hp was in his pocket. Father still in the bag was suggested to us down and chase it masseur. we got out of public transportation and without the property Hp Weny realize is lost. We also catch public transportation that we had climbed. It turns out the suspicious person was the thief.
UNIT 6 : Note taking and Memos (Hal 52-59)
MEMO
From : human resources development division staff
To : Chairman of the BEM FK UG
Date : 8 April 2008
Nature : an open and immediate
Things : an invitation LKKM
BEM LKMM PM UG will hold on 12-15 December 2009. I think it's great for regeneration. The plan we will send five representatives cadre of participants from the youngest generation of students. It costs 50,000-per person. If approved please sms me soon. I'll make proposalnya.Thanks Bro
EXERCISE 35 : PASSIVE VOICE (HAL 131)
1.The President are being called somebody everyday.
2. The other members are being John.
3. Mr. Waatson would be called somebody tonight.
4. Considerable damage has been coused by the fire.
5. The suppliers shaal the teacher bought for this class.
EXERCISE 36 : CAUSATIVE VERBS (HAL 135)
1. Leave 2. Repaired
3. Typed 4. Call
5. Painted 6. Write
7. Lie 8. Sent
9. Cut 10. Signed
11. Leave 12. Washed
13. To fix 14. Published
15. To find
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
UNIT 6 : Note taking and Memos (Hal 52-59)
note taking about events theft in public transport
at that time my friend and I went to visit a unuversitas in Jakarta, to ask for information about campus tersebut. After we get information, we were back home by using a bus metromini. Finally our bus had arrived at the terminal stops. then we continue the journey home by using public transportation. state of public transport in the extremely hot and stuffy, I and Rina separate seat with Weny. At the time in public transport Weny been busy receiving phone. nostrils Weny already a father with a carrying bag and next to me and Rina also have a father. Me and Rina feels weird when you are there beside us on the move, because there is seating next to us that when saliva was the father of the waste on our side. After the father had moved, there is a masseuse who suddenly massaging his may friends feet .After handyman friend massage it out of public transportation, which in addition Weny father was screaming and we were shocked. he even told my friend, he said his Hp was taken as a masseur, but his Weny felt Hp was in his pocket. Father still in the bag was suggested to us down and chase it masseur. we got out of public transportation and without the property Hp Weny realize is lost. We also catch public transportation that we had climbed. It turns out the suspicious person was the thief.
UNIT 6 : Note taking and Memos (Hal 52-59)
MEMO
From : human resources development division staff
To : Chairman of the BEM FK UG
Date : 8 April 2008
Nature : an open and immediate
Things : an invitation LKKM
BEM LKMM PM UG will hold on 12-15 December 2009. I think it's great for regeneration. The plan we will send five representatives cadre of participants from the youngest generation of students. It costs 50,000-per person. If approved please sms me soon. I'll make proposalnya.Thanks Bro
EXERCISE 35 : PASSIVE VOICE (HAL 131)
1.The President are being called somebody everyday.
2. The other members are being John.
3. Mr. Waatson would be called somebody tonight.
4. Considerable damage has been coused by the fire.
5. The suppliers shaal the teacher bought for this class.
EXERCISE 36 : CAUSATIVE VERBS (HAL 135)
1. Leave 2. Repaired
3. Typed 4. Call
5. Painted 6. Write
7. Lie 8. Sent
9. Cut 10. Signed
11. Leave 12. Washed
13. To fix 14. Published
15. To find
TUGAS BHS.INGGRIS
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
UNIT 6 : Note taking and Memos (Hal 52-59)
note taking about events theft in public transport
at that time my friend and I went to visit a unuversitas in Jakarta, to ask for information about campus tersebut. After we get information, we were back home by using a bus metromini. Finally our bus had arrived at the terminal stops. then we continue the journey home by using public transportation. state of public transport in the extremely hot and stuffy, I and Rina separate seat with Weny. At the time in public transport Weny been busy receiving phone. nostrils Weny already a father with a carrying bag and next to me and Rina also have a father. Me and Rina feels weird when you are there beside us on the move, because there is seating next to us that when saliva was the father of the waste on our side. After the father had moved, there is a masseuse who suddenly massaging his may friends feet .After handyman friend massage it out of public transportation, which in addition Weny father was screaming and we were shocked. he even told my friend, he said his Hp was taken as a masseur, but his Weny felt Hp was in his pocket. Father still in the bag was suggested to us down and chase it masseur. we got out of public transportation and without the property Hp Weny realize is lost. We also catch public transportation that we had climbed. It turns out the suspicious person was the thief.
UNIT 6 : Note taking and Memos (Hal 52-59)
MEMO
From : human resources development division staff
To : Chairman of the BEM FK UG
Date : 8 April 2008
Nature : an open and immediate
Things : an invitation LKKM
BEM LKMM PM UG will hold on 12-15 December 2009. I think it's great for regeneration. The plan we will send five representatives cadre of participants from the youngest generation of students. It costs 50,000-per person. If approved please sms me soon. I'll make proposalnya.Thanks Bro
EXERCISE 35 : PASSIVE VOICE (HAL 131)
1. The President are being called somebody everyday
2. The other members are being John
3. Mr. Waatson would be called somebody tonight
4. Considerable damage has been coused by the fire
5. The suppliers shaal the teacher bought for this class
EXERCISE 36 : CAUSATIVE VERBS (HAL 135)
1. Leave 2. Repaired
3. Typed 4. Call
5. Painted 6. Write
7. Lie 8. Sent
9. Cut 10. Signed
11. Leave 12. Washed
13. To fix 14. Published
15. To find
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
UNIT 6 : Note taking and Memos (Hal 52-59)
note taking about events theft in public transport
at that time my friend and I went to visit a unuversitas in Jakarta, to ask for information about campus tersebut. After we get information, we were back home by using a bus metromini. Finally our bus had arrived at the terminal stops. then we continue the journey home by using public transportation. state of public transport in the extremely hot and stuffy, I and Rina separate seat with Weny. At the time in public transport Weny been busy receiving phone. nostrils Weny already a father with a carrying bag and next to me and Rina also have a father. Me and Rina feels weird when you are there beside us on the move, because there is seating next to us that when saliva was the father of the waste on our side. After the father had moved, there is a masseuse who suddenly massaging his may friends feet .After handyman friend massage it out of public transportation, which in addition Weny father was screaming and we were shocked. he even told my friend, he said his Hp was taken as a masseur, but his Weny felt Hp was in his pocket. Father still in the bag was suggested to us down and chase it masseur. we got out of public transportation and without the property Hp Weny realize is lost. We also catch public transportation that we had climbed. It turns out the suspicious person was the thief.
UNIT 6 : Note taking and Memos (Hal 52-59)
MEMO
From : human resources development division staff
To : Chairman of the BEM FK UG
Date : 8 April 2008
Nature : an open and immediate
Things : an invitation LKKM
BEM LKMM PM UG will hold on 12-15 December 2009. I think it's great for regeneration. The plan we will send five representatives cadre of participants from the youngest generation of students. It costs 50,000-per person. If approved please sms me soon. I'll make proposalnya.Thanks Bro
EXERCISE 35 : PASSIVE VOICE (HAL 131)
1. The President are being called somebody everyday
2. The other members are being John
3. Mr. Waatson would be called somebody tonight
4. Considerable damage has been coused by the fire
5. The suppliers shaal the teacher bought for this class
EXERCISE 36 : CAUSATIVE VERBS (HAL 135)
1. Leave 2. Repaired
3. Typed 4. Call
5. Painted 6. Write
7. Lie 8. Sent
9. Cut 10. Signed
11. Leave 12. Washed
13. To fix 14. Published
15. To find
Senin, 21 Maret 2011
TUGAS B.INGGRIS (PART 2)
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU CLIFT
EXERCISE 33 (Hal 121) Because / Because of
1. Because of
2. Because of
3. Because of
4. Because
5. Because
6. Because
7. Because of
8. Because of
9. Because of
10. Because of
EXERCISE 34 (Hal 124) So / Such
1. So
2. Such
3. Such
4. So
5. So
6. Such
7. Such
8. So
9. Such
10. So
11. So
12. So
13. So
14. Such
15. Such
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
invitation letter :Invite Halal bihalal
INVITATION
NO: 060 / YDC / X / 2007
Dear.
Mr. / Mrs. / Mr.
Famly Mr.Anwar Furqon
Jl Bungur 5.Blok A no.34
Subject: Invitation Gathering / Halal bihalal in the framework of celebration of Idul Fitri 1428 H
With Respect
Yayasan Darussalam Cendrawasih and RW 11 invites all residents and the surrounding complex of department of foreign affairs to attend the occasion: / lawful gatherings in commemoration of the feast of Idul Fitri 1428 H, which will be held on:
Day / Date: Saturday, October 27, 2007
Time : 19:30 s / d completed
Venue : Multipurpose Building Jl. Bird of Paradise IV
So, for your attention and presence of Mr / Mrs / Mr / Ms we thank you.
Jakarta, October 20, 2007
H. Sofyan Habib
Chairman of the Committee Secretary
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU CLIFT
EXERCISE 33 (Hal 121) Because / Because of
1. Because of
2. Because of
3. Because of
4. Because
5. Because
6. Because
7. Because of
8. Because of
9. Because of
10. Because of
EXERCISE 34 (Hal 124) So / Such
1. So
2. Such
3. Such
4. So
5. So
6. Such
7. Such
8. So
9. Such
10. So
11. So
12. So
13. So
14. Such
15. Such
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
invitation letter :Invite Halal bihalal
INVITATION
NO: 060 / YDC / X / 2007
Dear.
Mr. / Mrs. / Mr.
Famly Mr.Anwar Furqon
Jl Bungur 5.Blok A no.34
Subject: Invitation Gathering / Halal bihalal in the framework of celebration of Idul Fitri 1428 H
With Respect
Yayasan Darussalam Cendrawasih and RW 11 invites all residents and the surrounding complex of department of foreign affairs to attend the occasion: / lawful gatherings in commemoration of the feast of Idul Fitri 1428 H, which will be held on:
Day / Date: Saturday, October 27, 2007
Time : 19:30 s / d completed
Venue : Multipurpose Building Jl. Bird of Paradise IV
So, for your attention and presence of Mr / Mrs / Mr / Ms we thank you.
Jakarta, October 20, 2007
H. Sofyan Habib
Chairman of the Committee Secretary
Senin, 21 Februari 2011
BUKU CLIFT
EXERCEISE 54 (hal 202)
1.A beautiful angel adorned their Chirstmas tree
2.I have your notes here, but I cannot find mine
3.The rescuers were a welcome sight for those trapped on the snow-covered mountain
4.Who’s supposed to supply the refreshments for tonight’s meeting?
5.It is a costume in the United States to eat turkey on thaks giving
6.Whether we drive or fly depends on the length of our vacation
7.Pasquale is of French descent , but his cousin is English
8.Dr Hipple will not be coming to the meeting because he has too many papers to grade
9.Although my mother never eats dessert , I prefer something sweet
10.I guess they’re not interested because we have not heard from them
11.Doris and Marge teach kindergarten ; the latter works in Putnam
12.Isaac Asimov’s scientist books are more easiiy understood than most scientists
13.The fender on Sean’s bike came loose and had to be tightened
14.Nobody had any stationery , so we had to use notebook paper to write the letter
15.The hikers had passed many hours waiting to be rescued
16.Lisa had to quit eating apples after the orthodontist put braces on her teeth
17.After any war , the world desires a lasting peace
18.Albert Einstein expressed his principle of relativity
19.Marcia was quite tired after the long walk to class
20.You must remember to cite your references when you write a paper
EXERCISE 56 (hal 214)
1.during 41.on
2.on 42.in
3.at 43.in
4.on 44.in
5.in 45.at
6.at 47.on
7.from 48.at
8.out of 49.in
9.at 50.at
10.in 51.on
11.out of 52.at
12.on 53.present
13.in 54.on
14.in 55.right
15.out of 56.at
16.at 57.in
17.on 58.in
18.at 59.on
19.in 60.from
20.at 61.at
21.present 62.on
22.in 63.at
23.in 64.at
24.at 65.at
25.on 66.in
26.in 67.at
27.at 68.in
28.on 69.of
29.in 70.at
30.at 71.of
31.on 72.course
32.at 73.of
33.in 74.at
34.at 75.during
35.on 76.on
36.in 77.of
37.on 78.at
38.in
39.at
40.in
1.A beautiful angel adorned their Chirstmas tree
2.I have your notes here, but I cannot find mine
3.The rescuers were a welcome sight for those trapped on the snow-covered mountain
4.Who’s supposed to supply the refreshments for tonight’s meeting?
5.It is a costume in the United States to eat turkey on thaks giving
6.Whether we drive or fly depends on the length of our vacation
7.Pasquale is of French descent , but his cousin is English
8.Dr Hipple will not be coming to the meeting because he has too many papers to grade
9.Although my mother never eats dessert , I prefer something sweet
10.I guess they’re not interested because we have not heard from them
11.Doris and Marge teach kindergarten ; the latter works in Putnam
12.Isaac Asimov’s scientist books are more easiiy understood than most scientists
13.The fender on Sean’s bike came loose and had to be tightened
14.Nobody had any stationery , so we had to use notebook paper to write the letter
15.The hikers had passed many hours waiting to be rescued
16.Lisa had to quit eating apples after the orthodontist put braces on her teeth
17.After any war , the world desires a lasting peace
18.Albert Einstein expressed his principle of relativity
19.Marcia was quite tired after the long walk to class
20.You must remember to cite your references when you write a paper
EXERCISE 56 (hal 214)
1.during 41.on
2.on 42.in
3.at 43.in
4.on 44.in
5.in 45.at
6.at 47.on
7.from 48.at
8.out of 49.in
9.at 50.at
10.in 51.on
11.out of 52.at
12.on 53.present
13.in 54.on
14.in 55.right
15.out of 56.at
16.at 57.in
17.on 58.in
18.at 59.on
19.in 60.from
20.at 61.at
21.present 62.on
22.in 63.at
23.in 64.at
24.at 65.at
25.on 66.in
26.in 67.at
27.at 68.in
28.on 69.of
29.in 70.at
30.at 71.of
31.on 72.course
32.at 73.of
33.in 74.at
34.at 75.during
35.on 76.on
36.in 77.of
37.on 78.at
38.in
39.at
40.in
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU CLIFT
EXERCISE 26 ( hal 107)
1.Rita plays good the violin
2.That is an intense novel
3.The sun is brightly shining
4.The girls speak fluent french
5.The boys speak Spanish fluently
6.The table has a smoothly surface
7.We must accurate figure our income tax returns
8.We don’t like to drink bitter tea
9.The plane soon will arrive
10.He had an accident because he was driving too fastly
EXERCISE 27 (hal 109)
1.Your cold sound terribly
2.The pianist plays very good
3.The food in the restaurant always tastes well
4.The campers remained calmly despite the thunderstorm
5.They became sickly after eating the contaminated food
6.Profesor Calandra looked quick at the students sketches
7.Paco was working diligent on the project
8.Paul protested vehemently about the new proposals
9.Our neighbors appeared relaxed after their vacation
10.The music sounded too noisy to be classical
EXERCISE 28 (hal 114)
1.Jhon and his friends left soonest as the profesor had finished his lecture
2.His job is more important than his friend’s
3.He plays the guitar as well as Andres Segovia
4.A new house is much more expensive than an older one
5.Last week was hotter as this week
6.Martha is more talented than her cousin
7.Bill’s descriptions are more colorful than his wife’s
8.Nobody is happier than Maria Elena
9.The boys felt worse than the girls about losing the game
10.A greyhound runs faster than a Chihuahua
EXERCISE 29 (hal 114)
1.The Empire State Building is taller from the statue of liberty
2.California is farther from New York as Pennsylvania
3.His assignment is different than mine
4.Louie reads more quickly from his sister
5.No animal is so big as King Kong
6.That report is less impressive than the Government’s
7.Sam wears the same shirt as his teammates
8.Dave paints much more realistically as his professor
9.The twins have less money at the end of the month as they have at the beginning
10.Her sports car is different than Nancy’s
EXERCISE 30 (hal 117)
1.Of the four dresses, I like the red one better
2.Phil is the happiest person that we know
3.Pat’s car is faster than Dan’s
4.This is the creamier ice cream I have had in a long time
5.This poster is colorfuler than the one in the hall
6.Does fred feel better today than he did yesterday?
7.This vegetable soup tastes very good
8.While trying to balance the baskets on her head, the woman walked more awkwardly than her daughter
9.Jane is the less athletic of all the women
10.My cat is the prettier of the two
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU CLIFT
EXERCISE 26 ( hal 107)
1.Rita plays good the violin
2.That is an intense novel
3.The sun is brightly shining
4.The girls speak fluent french
5.The boys speak Spanish fluently
6.The table has a smoothly surface
7.We must accurate figure our income tax returns
8.We don’t like to drink bitter tea
9.The plane soon will arrive
10.He had an accident because he was driving too fastly
EXERCISE 27 (hal 109)
1.Your cold sound terribly
2.The pianist plays very good
3.The food in the restaurant always tastes well
4.The campers remained calmly despite the thunderstorm
5.They became sickly after eating the contaminated food
6.Profesor Calandra looked quick at the students sketches
7.Paco was working diligent on the project
8.Paul protested vehemently about the new proposals
9.Our neighbors appeared relaxed after their vacation
10.The music sounded too noisy to be classical
EXERCISE 28 (hal 114)
1.Jhon and his friends left soonest as the profesor had finished his lecture
2.His job is more important than his friend’s
3.He plays the guitar as well as Andres Segovia
4.A new house is much more expensive than an older one
5.Last week was hotter as this week
6.Martha is more talented than her cousin
7.Bill’s descriptions are more colorful than his wife’s
8.Nobody is happier than Maria Elena
9.The boys felt worse than the girls about losing the game
10.A greyhound runs faster than a Chihuahua
EXERCISE 29 (hal 114)
1.The Empire State Building is taller from the statue of liberty
2.California is farther from New York as Pennsylvania
3.His assignment is different than mine
4.Louie reads more quickly from his sister
5.No animal is so big as King Kong
6.That report is less impressive than the Government’s
7.Sam wears the same shirt as his teammates
8.Dave paints much more realistically as his professor
9.The twins have less money at the end of the month as they have at the beginning
10.Her sports car is different than Nancy’s
EXERCISE 30 (hal 117)
1.Of the four dresses, I like the red one better
2.Phil is the happiest person that we know
3.Pat’s car is faster than Dan’s
4.This is the creamier ice cream I have had in a long time
5.This poster is colorfuler than the one in the hall
6.Does fred feel better today than he did yesterday?
7.This vegetable soup tastes very good
8.While trying to balance the baskets on her head, the woman walked more awkwardly than her daughter
9.Jane is the less athletic of all the women
10.My cat is the prettier of the two
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU CLIFT
EXERCISE 21 (hal 97)
1.Henry talks to his dog as if it understood him.
2.If they had left the house earlier, they become so late getting to the airport that they could not chek their baggage.
3.If I finish the dress before Saturday, I give it to my sister for her birthday.
4.If I had seen the movie. I told you about it last night.
5.Had Bob not interfered in his sister’s marital problems, there become peace between them.
6.He wold give you the money if he had it.
7.I wish they stopped making so much noise so that I could concentrate.
8.She would call you immediately if she needed help.
9.Had they arrived at the sale early, they found a better selection.
10.We hope that you enjoyed the party last night.
11.If you have enough time, please painted the chair before you leave.
12.We could go for a drive if today were Saturday.
13.If she wins the prize, it will be because she write very well.
14.Mike wished that the editors permited him to copy some of their material.
15.Joel wishes that he spent his vacation on the Gulf coast next year.
16.I aceepted if they invaite me to the party.
17.If your mother bought that car for you, willyou be happy?
18.If he decided earlier, he could have left on the afternoon flight.
19.Had we known your address, we wrote you a letter.
20.If the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain leaked inside.
21.Because Rose did so poorly on the exam, she wishes that she studied harder last night.
22.My dog always wakes me up if he heard strange noises.
23.If you see mary today, please ask her to call me.
24.If he get the raise, it will be because he does a good job.
25.The teacher will not accept our work if we turned it in late.
26.Mrs. Wood always talks to her tenth-grade students as though they was adults.
27.If he had left alredy, he called us.
28.If they had known him, they talked to him.
29.He would understand it if you explained it to him more slowly.
30.I could understand the French teacher if she spoke more slowly.
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU CLIFT
EXERCISE 21 (hal 97)
1.Henry talks to his dog as if it understood him.
2.If they had left the house earlier, they become so late getting to the airport that they could not chek their baggage.
3.If I finish the dress before Saturday, I give it to my sister for her birthday.
4.If I had seen the movie. I told you about it last night.
5.Had Bob not interfered in his sister’s marital problems, there become peace between them.
6.He wold give you the money if he had it.
7.I wish they stopped making so much noise so that I could concentrate.
8.She would call you immediately if she needed help.
9.Had they arrived at the sale early, they found a better selection.
10.We hope that you enjoyed the party last night.
11.If you have enough time, please painted the chair before you leave.
12.We could go for a drive if today were Saturday.
13.If she wins the prize, it will be because she write very well.
14.Mike wished that the editors permited him to copy some of their material.
15.Joel wishes that he spent his vacation on the Gulf coast next year.
16.I aceepted if they invaite me to the party.
17.If your mother bought that car for you, willyou be happy?
18.If he decided earlier, he could have left on the afternoon flight.
19.Had we known your address, we wrote you a letter.
20.If the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain leaked inside.
21.Because Rose did so poorly on the exam, she wishes that she studied harder last night.
22.My dog always wakes me up if he heard strange noises.
23.If you see mary today, please ask her to call me.
24.If he get the raise, it will be because he does a good job.
25.The teacher will not accept our work if we turned it in late.
26.Mrs. Wood always talks to her tenth-grade students as though they was adults.
27.If he had left alredy, he called us.
28.If they had known him, they talked to him.
29.He would understand it if you explained it to him more slowly.
30.I could understand the French teacher if she spoke more slowly.
Letters of congratulation
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
UNIT 4: Letters of congratulation
Congratulatins promotion Letter
Mike punting,
72- road,
Top Street, Singapur.
Dear friend Juwita,
I am feeling very happy today to congratulate you as you got promotion. I got the news two days before that you are promoted from the post of junior manager to the post of senior manager. You really deserved that promotion.
You were a employe of that company since 10 years. In these 10 years you have served the company a lot. With your skills, hard work, intelligence you have contributed to the companies success. Due to all these reasons you had to get promotion.
Personally I am very happy to see you getting successful in your life. This time also it was very delightful to hear about your success. I hope god bless you and give you pink of health. I will always ask god to give you everything that you need in your life. He may bless you with lot of happiness in your future.
Give my love to your children and regards to your parents.
Your's affectionately,
JOUIS PRADIPTA
NPM : 10207813
TUGAS BUKU BUSINESS COMUNICATION
UNIT 4: Letters of congratulation
Congratulatins promotion Letter
Mike punting,
72- road,
Top Street, Singapur.
Dear friend Juwita,
I am feeling very happy today to congratulate you as you got promotion. I got the news two days before that you are promoted from the post of junior manager to the post of senior manager. You really deserved that promotion.
You were a employe of that company since 10 years. In these 10 years you have served the company a lot. With your skills, hard work, intelligence you have contributed to the companies success. Due to all these reasons you had to get promotion.
Personally I am very happy to see you getting successful in your life. This time also it was very delightful to hear about your success. I hope god bless you and give you pink of health. I will always ask god to give you everything that you need in your life. He may bless you with lot of happiness in your future.
Give my love to your children and regards to your parents.
Your's affectionately,
JOUIS PRADIPTA
Selasa, 04 Januari 2011
MASALAH POKOK DALAM ETIKA BISNIS
NAMA : NUR FITRIANI
NPM : 10207813
KLS : 4 EA03
TUGAS: ETIKA BISNIS
MASALAH POKOK DALAM ETIKA BISNIS
Andaikan anda adalah seorang direktur teknik yang harus menerapkan teknologi baru. Anda tahu teknologi ini diperlukan dapat meningkatkan efisiensi industri, namun pada saat yang sama juga membuat banyak pegawai yang setia akan kehilangan pekerjaan, karena teknologi ini hanya memerlukan sedikit tenaga kerja saja. Bagaimana sikap anda? Dilema moral ini menunjukkan bahwa masalah etika juga meliputi kehidupan bisnis. Perusahaan dituntut untuk menetapkan patokan etika yang dapat diserap oleh masyarakat dalam pengambilan keputusannya. Sedangkan di pihak lain, banyak masyarakat menganggap etika itu hanya demi kepentingan perusahaan sendiri. Tantangan yang dihadapi serta kesadaran akan keterbatasan perusahaan dalam memperkirakan dan mengendalikan setiap keputusannya membuat perusahaan semakin sadar tentang tantangan etika yang harus dihadapi.
INOVASI, PERUBAHAN DAN LAPANGAN KERJA
Aspek bisnis yang paling menimbulkan pertanyaan menyangkut etika adalah inovasi dan perubahan. Sering terjadi tekanan untuk berubah membuat perusahaan atau masyarakat tidak mempunyai pilihan lain. Perusahaan harus menanam modal pada mesin dan pabrik baru yang biasanya menimbulkan masalah karena ketidakcocokan antara keahlian tenaga kerja yang dimiliki dan yang dibutuhkan oleh teknologi baru. Sedangkan perusahaan yang mencoba menolak perubahan teknologi biasanya menghadapi ancaman yang cukup besar sehingga memperkuat alasan perlunya melakukan perubahan. Keuntungan ekonomis dari inovasi dan perubahan biasanya digunakan sebagai pembenaran yang utama.
Sayangnya biaya sosial dari perubahan jarang dibayar oleh para promotor inovasi. Biaya tersebut berupa hilangnya pekerjaan, perubahan dalam masyarakat, perekonomian, dan lingkungan. Biaya-biaya ini tak mudah diukur. Tantangan sosial yang paling mendasar berasal dari masyarakat yang berdiri di luar proses. Dampak teknologi baru bukan mustahil tak dapat diprediksi. Kewaspadaan dan keterbukaan yang berkesinambungan merupakan tindakan yang penting dalam usaha perusahaan memenuhi kewajibannya.
Dampak inovasi dan perubahan terhadap tenaga kerja menimbulkan banyak masalah dibanding aspek pembangunan lainnya. Banyak pegawai menganggap inovasi mengecilkan kemampuan mereka. Hal ini mengubah kondisi pekerjaan serta sangat mengurangi kepuasan kerja. Perusahaan mempunyai tanggung jawab yang lebih besar untuk menyediakan lapangan kerja dan menciptakan tenaga kerja yang mampu bekerja dalam masa perubahan. Termasuk di dalamnya adalah
mendukung, melatih, dan mengadakan sumber daya untuk menjamin orang-orang yang belum bekerja memiliki keahlian dan dapat bersaing untuk menghadapi dan mempercepat perubahan.
PASAR DAN PEMASARAN
Monopoli adalah contoh yang paling ekstrem dari distorsi dalam pasar. Ada banyak alasan untuk melakukan konsentrasi industri, misal, meningkatkan kemampuan berkompetisi, memudahkan permodalan, hingga semboyan “yang terkuat adalah yang menang”. Penyalahgunaan kekuatan pasar melalui monopoli merupakan perhatian klasik terhadap bagaimana pasar dan pemasaran dilaksanakan. Kecenderungan untuk berkonsentrasi dan kekuatan nyata dari perusahaan raksasa harus dilihat secara hati-hati.
Banyak kritik diajukan pada aspek pemasaran, misal, penyalahgunaan kekuatan pembeli, promosi barang yang berbahaya, menyatakan nilai yang masih diragukan, atau penyalahgunaan spesifik lain, seperti iklan yang berdampak buruk bagi anak-anak. Diperlukan kelompok penekan untuk mengkritik tingkah laku perusahaan. Negara pun dapat menentukan persyaratan dan standar.
PENGURUS DAN GAJI DIREKSI
Unsur kepengurusan adalah bagian penting dari agenda kebijaksanaan perusahaan karena merupakan kewajiban yang nyata dalam bertanggungjawab terhadap barang dan dana orang lain. Perusahaan wajib melaksanakan pengurusan manajemen dengan tekun atas semua harta yang dipertanggungjawabkan pada pemberi tugas. Tugas terutama berada pada pundak direksi yang diharapkan bertindak loyal, dapat dipercaya, serta ahli dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Mereka tidak boleh menyalahgunakan posisinya. Mereka bertanggung jawab pada perusahaan juga undang-undang. Dalam hal ini auditing memegang peranan penting dalam mempertahankan stabilitas antara kebutuhan manajer untuk menjalankan tugasnya dan hak pemegang saham untuk mengetahui apa yang sedang dikerjakan para manajer. Perdebatan mengenai gaji direksi terjadi karena adanya ketidakadilan dalam proses penentuannya, ruang gerak yang dimungkinkan bagi direksi, kurang jelasnya hubungan antara kinerja organisasi dan penggajian, paket-paket tambahan tersembunyi dan kelemahan dalam pengawasan. Tampaknya gaji para direksi meningkat, sementara tingkat pertumbuhan pendapatan rata-rata cenderung menurun, dan nilai saham berfluktuasi. Hal ini menimbulkan kritik dan kesadaran untuk menyoroti kenaikan gaji para eksekutif senior. Informasi dan pembatasan eksternal merupakan unsur penting dalam upaya menyelesaikan penyalahgunaan yang terjadi.
TANTANGAN MULTINASIONAL
Sering terjadi, perusahaan internasional mengambil tindakan yang tak dapat diterima secara lokal. Banyak pertanyaan mendasar bagi perusahaan multinasional, seperti kemungkinan masuknya nilai moral budaya ke budaya masyarakat lain, atau kemungkinan perusahaan mengkesploitasi lubang-lubang perundang-undangan dalam sebuah negara demi kepentingan mereka. Dalam prakteknya, perusahaan internasional mempengaruhi perkembangan ekonomi sosial masyarakat suatu negara. Mereka dapat mensukseskan aspirasi negara atau justru malah membuat frustasi dengan menghambat tujuan nasional. Hal ini meningkatkan kewajiban bagi perorangan maupun industri untuk melaksanakan aturan kode etik secara internal maupun eksternal.
REFERENSI
(Sumber: Tom Cannon, Coporate Responsibility)
NPM : 10207813
KLS : 4 EA03
TUGAS: ETIKA BISNIS
MASALAH POKOK DALAM ETIKA BISNIS
Andaikan anda adalah seorang direktur teknik yang harus menerapkan teknologi baru. Anda tahu teknologi ini diperlukan dapat meningkatkan efisiensi industri, namun pada saat yang sama juga membuat banyak pegawai yang setia akan kehilangan pekerjaan, karena teknologi ini hanya memerlukan sedikit tenaga kerja saja. Bagaimana sikap anda? Dilema moral ini menunjukkan bahwa masalah etika juga meliputi kehidupan bisnis. Perusahaan dituntut untuk menetapkan patokan etika yang dapat diserap oleh masyarakat dalam pengambilan keputusannya. Sedangkan di pihak lain, banyak masyarakat menganggap etika itu hanya demi kepentingan perusahaan sendiri. Tantangan yang dihadapi serta kesadaran akan keterbatasan perusahaan dalam memperkirakan dan mengendalikan setiap keputusannya membuat perusahaan semakin sadar tentang tantangan etika yang harus dihadapi.
INOVASI, PERUBAHAN DAN LAPANGAN KERJA
Aspek bisnis yang paling menimbulkan pertanyaan menyangkut etika adalah inovasi dan perubahan. Sering terjadi tekanan untuk berubah membuat perusahaan atau masyarakat tidak mempunyai pilihan lain. Perusahaan harus menanam modal pada mesin dan pabrik baru yang biasanya menimbulkan masalah karena ketidakcocokan antara keahlian tenaga kerja yang dimiliki dan yang dibutuhkan oleh teknologi baru. Sedangkan perusahaan yang mencoba menolak perubahan teknologi biasanya menghadapi ancaman yang cukup besar sehingga memperkuat alasan perlunya melakukan perubahan. Keuntungan ekonomis dari inovasi dan perubahan biasanya digunakan sebagai pembenaran yang utama.
Sayangnya biaya sosial dari perubahan jarang dibayar oleh para promotor inovasi. Biaya tersebut berupa hilangnya pekerjaan, perubahan dalam masyarakat, perekonomian, dan lingkungan. Biaya-biaya ini tak mudah diukur. Tantangan sosial yang paling mendasar berasal dari masyarakat yang berdiri di luar proses. Dampak teknologi baru bukan mustahil tak dapat diprediksi. Kewaspadaan dan keterbukaan yang berkesinambungan merupakan tindakan yang penting dalam usaha perusahaan memenuhi kewajibannya.
Dampak inovasi dan perubahan terhadap tenaga kerja menimbulkan banyak masalah dibanding aspek pembangunan lainnya. Banyak pegawai menganggap inovasi mengecilkan kemampuan mereka. Hal ini mengubah kondisi pekerjaan serta sangat mengurangi kepuasan kerja. Perusahaan mempunyai tanggung jawab yang lebih besar untuk menyediakan lapangan kerja dan menciptakan tenaga kerja yang mampu bekerja dalam masa perubahan. Termasuk di dalamnya adalah
mendukung, melatih, dan mengadakan sumber daya untuk menjamin orang-orang yang belum bekerja memiliki keahlian dan dapat bersaing untuk menghadapi dan mempercepat perubahan.
PASAR DAN PEMASARAN
Monopoli adalah contoh yang paling ekstrem dari distorsi dalam pasar. Ada banyak alasan untuk melakukan konsentrasi industri, misal, meningkatkan kemampuan berkompetisi, memudahkan permodalan, hingga semboyan “yang terkuat adalah yang menang”. Penyalahgunaan kekuatan pasar melalui monopoli merupakan perhatian klasik terhadap bagaimana pasar dan pemasaran dilaksanakan. Kecenderungan untuk berkonsentrasi dan kekuatan nyata dari perusahaan raksasa harus dilihat secara hati-hati.
Banyak kritik diajukan pada aspek pemasaran, misal, penyalahgunaan kekuatan pembeli, promosi barang yang berbahaya, menyatakan nilai yang masih diragukan, atau penyalahgunaan spesifik lain, seperti iklan yang berdampak buruk bagi anak-anak. Diperlukan kelompok penekan untuk mengkritik tingkah laku perusahaan. Negara pun dapat menentukan persyaratan dan standar.
PENGURUS DAN GAJI DIREKSI
Unsur kepengurusan adalah bagian penting dari agenda kebijaksanaan perusahaan karena merupakan kewajiban yang nyata dalam bertanggungjawab terhadap barang dan dana orang lain. Perusahaan wajib melaksanakan pengurusan manajemen dengan tekun atas semua harta yang dipertanggungjawabkan pada pemberi tugas. Tugas terutama berada pada pundak direksi yang diharapkan bertindak loyal, dapat dipercaya, serta ahli dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Mereka tidak boleh menyalahgunakan posisinya. Mereka bertanggung jawab pada perusahaan juga undang-undang. Dalam hal ini auditing memegang peranan penting dalam mempertahankan stabilitas antara kebutuhan manajer untuk menjalankan tugasnya dan hak pemegang saham untuk mengetahui apa yang sedang dikerjakan para manajer. Perdebatan mengenai gaji direksi terjadi karena adanya ketidakadilan dalam proses penentuannya, ruang gerak yang dimungkinkan bagi direksi, kurang jelasnya hubungan antara kinerja organisasi dan penggajian, paket-paket tambahan tersembunyi dan kelemahan dalam pengawasan. Tampaknya gaji para direksi meningkat, sementara tingkat pertumbuhan pendapatan rata-rata cenderung menurun, dan nilai saham berfluktuasi. Hal ini menimbulkan kritik dan kesadaran untuk menyoroti kenaikan gaji para eksekutif senior. Informasi dan pembatasan eksternal merupakan unsur penting dalam upaya menyelesaikan penyalahgunaan yang terjadi.
TANTANGAN MULTINASIONAL
Sering terjadi, perusahaan internasional mengambil tindakan yang tak dapat diterima secara lokal. Banyak pertanyaan mendasar bagi perusahaan multinasional, seperti kemungkinan masuknya nilai moral budaya ke budaya masyarakat lain, atau kemungkinan perusahaan mengkesploitasi lubang-lubang perundang-undangan dalam sebuah negara demi kepentingan mereka. Dalam prakteknya, perusahaan internasional mempengaruhi perkembangan ekonomi sosial masyarakat suatu negara. Mereka dapat mensukseskan aspirasi negara atau justru malah membuat frustasi dengan menghambat tujuan nasional. Hal ini meningkatkan kewajiban bagi perorangan maupun industri untuk melaksanakan aturan kode etik secara internal maupun eksternal.
REFERENSI
(Sumber: Tom Cannon, Coporate Responsibility)
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